Wednesday, December 2, 2015

THE AIRCRAFT ASSEMBLY PROCESS

By Jim Ruttler, Instrumented Rated Pilot, RV-10 Builder, Patent Attorney
www.ruttlermills.com
jim@ruttlermills.com

We've previously discussed the requirement to have an experimental airframe in order to take advantage of the technology available in general aviation.  And, we've briefly discussed some of this technology which makes it all worthwhile.  The question then becomes how do you actually obtain an experimental airframe.  There are three ways you can get one of these precious commodities: buy one finished, buy one partially finished, and build one yourself.

Finished experimental aircraft are your fast track to an experimental airframe because somebody else has completed all the work of assembly.  This is obvious, but there are some less obvious downsides to purchasing a finished aircraft.  The first is - actually obvious too - you don't know how good the build job was if you don't know what to look for.  The second is - this is the one that is less obvious - that you are inherit a lot of personalized finish work, paint, and avionics.  The avionics themselves may also be outdated.  These items require significant amount of resources to change and upgrade, so it is in my opinion easier to start with a clean slate.

Partially finished experimental aircraft are those that are at some stage in the building process and incomplete.  There might be a tail completed or even a wing.  I've seen entirely finished airframes that were lacking only in engine and avionics.  Obviously, you are a little further ahead with these projects, but the problem for me is that you won't know where to start or how to finish the assembly since you are jumping in without prior experience.  

For me, the only way to go is to start and complete your own airframe and utilize the lessons I'll impart to make that experience more efficient and timely.  This way, you have a plane that you know backwards and forwards and you can customize it as you wish.  

The assembly process varies by RV by a thousand hours to two thousand hours for the normal slow route, depending on the airframe selected.  The normal slow route is where you assemble the entire aircraft yourself, including the airframe parts, avionics, and engine.  And you would have to be retired or glutton for punishment to try and do a slow build.  

The good news is that there are a few quickbuild options making it quicker to assemble panels.  This is all part of the 50 percent rule previously discussed.  Remember that so long as you assemble more than 50 percent, your aircraft is experimental and can have the advanced avionics and technology.  These quickbuild options include the wings and the fuselage and avionics and the engine and the interior.

The airframe quickbuild options from Vans include the wings and the fuselage.  These parts can be completed by Vans and shipped to you, leaving you with only the tail section and the finishing kit.  I was foolish enough to do the wings myself, but I learned my lesson and spent the extra money to have the fueslage quickbuilt by Vans.  The fuselage saved me hundreds of hours and the wings would probably have been the same.  The added expense of these quickbuild components are around $5-$7.5k each.  Here I am with my kids getting ready for a first flight.



The panel quickbuild option is new and offered by Advanced Flight Avionics.  This includes either the visual flight rules panel or the instrument flight rules panel, both with the choice between Dynon Avionics components or Advanced Flight components.  These panels include the physical panel, which is powder coated and silk screened, the screens, radios, switches, sensors, and antennas.  They do save hundreds of hours because you don't have to figure out how to mount everything or wire components together.  Plus, the appearance is professional, which would be difficult to achieve as a novice.  The panels are quick, but they aren't instant.  There are components in your plane that requiring wiring, such as laying wires for the wing lights and antennas.  These components must have wires that are brought up to the panel area, so that takes some time.  Also, you've got to insert those wires into some d-sub computer pins and connect them to the existing quickpanel system.




The engine is something that scares a lot of people, but it shouldn't since it is also available as a quickbuild option.  If you purchase a Lycoming engine from Vans with the matching propeller, you can use the Van's firewall forward kit for the installation.  The engine arrives completely assembled with the exception of hanging it, hooking up the fuel lines, hooking up sensors, and connecting the exhaust pipes and these components all come with the firewall forward kit.

The last item that is also a quickbuild option is the interior.  Many reputable companies are available to assist you with decking out your interior.  Some of them include Flightline Interiors, Oregon Aero, and AeroSport.  These companies will do anything from upholstery to paneling.  There are overhead panels, cup holders, arm-rests, and baggage doors specially made for various Vans models.  Here is one example interior completed by Aerosport.



Together, the quickbuild options for the wings, fueslage, avionics, and engine dramatically cut your build time by hundreds of hours.  Nobody wants to talk about the exact numbers because that could put you at risk of busting the 50% rule, but it is certainly much more efficient to use the quickbuild options.  So the overall process looks something like this:

             Tail: You
             Wings: Quickbuild Option
             Fuselage: Quickbuild Option
             Finishing (putting parts together): You
             Avonics: Quickbuild Option
             Engine: Quickbuild Option
             Interior: Quickbuild Option

In essence, you are part builder and part general contractor.  You've got to do some of the components yourself and then others you farm out to others with your oversight.  With these options, you can significantly reduce the 1000-2000 hour official estimation of the project time.

I will talk next about expenses and financing options available for these aircraft and components.
                                                           



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